Jammu & Kashmir High Court
Kaka Ram vs J&K Special Tribunal on 7 April, 2025
Author: Sanjay Dhar
Bench: Sanjay Dhar
HIGH COURT OF JAMMU & KASHMIR AND LADAKH
AT JAMMU
Reserved on 27.03.2025
Pronounced on 07.04.2025
WP(C) No. 2660/2023
Kaka Ram .....Appellant(s)/Petitioner(s)
Through: Mr. D. R. Khajuria, Adv. and
Mr. Pawan Kumar Maini, Adv.
vs
J&K Special Tribunal, Jammu and others ..... Respondent(s)
Through: Ms. Monika Kohli, Sr. AAG for Nos. 1 to 3
Mr. P. S. Pawar, Adv. for No. 4
Coram: HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE SANJAY DHAR, JUDGE
JUDGMETNT
1. The petitioner has challenged order dated 15.06.2023 passed by the J&K
Special Tribunal Jammu(hereinafter to be referred as the Tribunal),
whereby the revision petition filed by the petitioner against order dated
04.09.2017 passed by the Additional Deputy Commissioner (with the
powers of Commissioner Agrarian Reforms), Jammu (hereinafter to be
referred as the Commissioner), has been dismissed. Challenge has also been
thrown to order dated 04.09.2017 passed by the Commissioner, whereby
the appeal against Mutation No. 295 dated 30.11.1981 under section 4 of
the J&K Agrarian Reforms Act filed by respondent No. 4 has been allowed.
2. The facts emanating from the pleadings of the parties are that father of the
petitioner and grandfather of respondent No. 4 was recorded as a tenant in
khasra girdawari of 1971 in respect of the land measuring 14 kanals 19
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marlas comprised in khasra No. 306/276 (khasra No. 314 new) as also land
measuring 3 kanals and 6 marlas comprised in khasra No. 299/110 situated
at Village Dharmal (Muthi), Tehsil and District Jammu. It appears that
Mutation No. 266 dated 01.04.1974 (Sehat Andraaz Girdawari Kharief
1971) was attested by the Consolidation Tehsildar in terms of J&K
Consolidation of Holdings Act, 1962 in respect of the aforesaid land in
favour of the petitioner and his father Pakhu. Thus both the petitioner as
well as Pakhu were shown as tenants in respect of the land in question in
khasra girdawari of the year, 1971. The father of the petitioner, Pakhu died
on 24.01.1976 and he was survived by the petitioner as his only son.
Mutation No. 295 dated 30.11.1981 under section 4 of the J&K Agrarian
Reforms Act 1976 came to be attested in respect of the land in question in
favour of the petitioner, whereafter Mutation No. 489 dated 16.11.1991
under section 8 of the J&K Agrarian Reforms Act came to be attested in
respect of the land in question in favour of the petitioner thereby vesting
rights of ownership in respect of the land in question in his favour.
3. An appeal came to be filed by respondent No. 4 against Mutation No. 489
dated 16.11.1991 by respondent No. 4 before the Joint Agrarian Reforms
Commissioner Jammu on 24.07.2012. The said appeal was dismissed by the
learned Commissioner vide order dated 21.09.2013. Aggrieved of the said
order, respondent No. 4 filed a revision petition before the J&K Special
Tribunal, Jammu on 10.10.2013 which was dismissed by the said Tribunal
in terms of order dated 22.12.2014. After failing in his attempts to assail
mutation under section 8 of the Agrarian Reforms Act attested in favour of
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the petitioner, respondent No. 4 started another round of litigation by
challenging Mutation No. 295 dated 30.11.1981 attested in favour of the
petitioner under section 4 of the Agrarian Reforms Act before the
Commissioner (respondent No. 2 herein). The said appeal was allowed by
the Commissioner and Mutation No. 295 was set aside and the Tehsildar
was directed to pass a fresh order. The said order came to be challenged by
way of a revision petition by the petitioner herein before the Tribunal
(respondent No. 1 herein). The revision petition has been dismissed by the
Tribunal in terms of the impugned order dated 15.06.2023.
4. The petitioner has challenged impugned order dated 15.06.2023 passed by
the Tribunal and order dated 04.09.2017 passed by the Commissioner on
the grounds that the respondent No. 4 had no locus standi to challenge the
Mutation under section 4 of the Agrarian Reforms Act attested in favour of
the petitioner during the lifetime of his father, the petitioner herein. It has
been further contended that the petitioner was in personal cultivation of the
land in question along with his father as on the crucial date, kharief 1971 as
such, there was no ground to set aside the Mutation attested under section 4
of the Agrarian Reforms Act. It has also been contended that once
respondent No. 4 had lost challenge which he had made to Mutation under
section 8 of the Act attested in favour of the petitioner, it was not open to
respondent 2 and respondent No. 1 to reopen the issue that too belatedly
without there being any ground to condone the delay.
5. It has also been contended that respondent No. 4 has been disinherited by
the petitioner and as such, he is not entitled to inherit any estate of the
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petitioner. It has been contended that even if, it is assumed that the
petitioner was not recorded as a tenant in kharief 1971, still then upon death
of his father in the year, 1976, in terms of section 28 of the Agrarian
Reforms Act, he is deemed to have become a prospective owner of the land
in question. Thus respondent No. 4 does not have any right to claim any
interest in the property in question during the lifetime of the petitioner.
6. The petition has been contested by respondent No. 4 by filling his reply
thereto in which it has been contended that the attestation of mutation
(Sehat Indraj) in favour of the petitioner along with his father in terms of
Mutation No. 266 dated 01.04.1974 is non est in the eyes of law because
section 42 of the Agrarian Reforms Act clearly provides that the J&K
Consolidation of Holdings Act, 1962 would become inapplicable after the
commencement of the Agrarian Reforms Act 1976. It has been further
contended that the petitioner had filed a suit under section 32 of the Land
Revenue Act before the Deputy Commissioner Jammu in which the field
agency had reported that it is the respondent No. 4 who has been in
possession of the land in question much prior to the kharief 1971 as a result
of which, the Deputy Commissioner dismissed the suit of the petitioner. It
has also been submitted that the petitioner was a Government employee,
who superannuated in the year, 1989 as such, he could not have been in
cultivating possession of the land in question in kharief 1971 and it was
respondent No. 4 who was always in actual cultivating possession of the
said land along with his grandfather, Pakhu. It has also been contended that
the petitioner has allegedly managed mutations under sections 4 and 8 of
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the Agrarian Reforms Act in respect of the land in question and respondent
No. 4 on the basis of his continued possession even prior to kharief 1971
was well within his rights to challenge the mutation attested in favour of the
petitioner under section 4 of the Agrarian Reforms Act. It has also been
contended that respondent No. 4 had properly explained the delay in filing
appeal against the Mutation under section 4 of the Agrarian Reform Act
bearing Mutation No. 295 and the same has been rightly accepted by
respondent No. 2, which order stands upheld by respondent No. 1.
7. I have heard learned counsel for the parties and perused record of the case.
8. As already stated the first round of litigation was initiated by respondent
No. 4 by challenging mutation No. 489 dated 16.11.1991 before the
Commissioner Agrarian Reforms Jammu on 24.07.2012. The said appeal
was dismissed by the Commissioner and the order of the Commissioner
came to be challenged by respondent No. 4 by way of a revision petition
before the Tribunal on 10.10.2013. The revision petition was dismissed and
the order of the Commissioner was upheld. The order of the Tribunal was
challenged by the petitioner by way of a writ petition bearing OWP No.
113/2015. The said writ petition came to be dismissed by this Court for non
prosecution on 24.11.2021. In the meanwhile, respondent No. 4 initiated
another round of litigation by filing appeal against mutation No. 294 dated
30.11.1981 attested under section 4 of the Act in favour of the petitioner.
The appeal was filed before the Commissioner on 06.08.2016 and the same
was allowed by the Commissioner on 04.09.2017. The said order has been
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WP(C) No. 2660/2023
upheld by the Tribunal in a revision petition by way of the impugned order
dated 15.06.2023.
9. Thus, the petitioner has challenged Mutation under section 4 attested on
30.11.1981 by way of appeal on 06.08.2016 i.e. after about 35 years. A
perusal of the impugned order dated 04.09.2017 passed by the
Commissioner reveals that regarding the issue of limitation it has been
recorded that there is no delay in filing the appeal as the respondent No. 4
herein could not get proper advice for challenging the mutation and he has
challenged the same immediately after getting the proper knowledge.
According to the learned Commissioner there is no intentional or deliberate
delay and that technicalities cannot be pitted against substantial justice.
10. The aforesaid reasoning adopted by the Commissioner is absolutely
illogical because respondent No. 4 was well aware of attestation of the
Mutation under Section 4 of the Act in favour of the petitioner at the time
when he challenged Mutation under section 8 of the Act by way of appeal
before the Commissioner which he filed on 24.07.2012. The respondent
No. 4 continued to pursue the said challenge right up to the High Court and
was represented by lawyers at each level of challenge. Thus, it cannot be
stated that respondent No. 4 was not properly advised or that he had no
knowledge about the attestation of the mutation under section 4 of the Act
in favour of his father. It is only after attestation of Mutation under section
4 of the Act in favour of a prospective owner that mutation under section 8
of the Act is attested thereby conferring ownership rights upon such
prospective owner. It does not lie in the mouth of respondent No. 4 to say
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WP(C) No. 2660/2023
while he was aware about the attestation of mutation under section 8 of the
Act in favour of the petitioner, but he was not knowing that the mutation
under section 4 of the Act had been attested in favour of the petitioner.
11. The ground projected by the learned Commissioner while condoning huge
delay of 35 years in filing the appeal is preposterous and cannot be
accepted. It is true that substantial justice has to be the focus of
adjudication, yet the law of limitation cannot be thrown to winds. A litigant,
who sleeps over his rights for more than three decades has to explain as to
what prevented him from coming to the court during all these years. In the
present case, respondent No. 4 did not whisper any reason much less a
cogent reason in his appeal before the Commissioner but in spite of this, the
learned Commissioner entertained his appeal and decided the same on
merits. This cannot be sustained in law. By upholding such an illegal order
of respondent No. 1 has perpetuated the illegality. Thus, the impugned
order passed by respondent No. 1 is also liable to be set aside on this
ground alone.
12. Apart from the above, it was not open for the learned Commissioner or the
learned Tribunal to reopen the issue once the same had been adjudicated
and finalised in the earlier round of litigation between the parties. By virtue
of the impugned orders, respondent Nos. 1 and 2 have virtually nullified the
orders passed by the same very authorities on mutation under section 8 of
the Agrarian Reforms Act. The challenge launched by respondent No. 4 to
the mutation under section 4 of the Agrarian Reforms Act was barred by
principles of constructive res judicata inasmuch as the said respondent had
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WP(C) No. 2660/2023
omitted to challenge mutation under section 4 of the Agrarian Reforms Act
in the first round of litigation and as such, he was barred from raising the
said issue once the earlier round of litigation had attained finality. Recently
the Supreme Court has, in the case of M/s Faime Makers Pvt. Ltd vs.
District Deputy Registrar Cooperative Societies (3) Member and
others, 2025 LiveLaw (SC), 379, while holding that the principal of res
judicata applies to quasi judicial authorities observed as under:
11. It has been settled by this Court that the principle of res
judicata applies to and binds quasi-judicial authorities. This Court
in Ujjam Bai vs. State of U.P. has taken the view that principles
of res judicata equally apply to quasi-judicial bodies. Whenever a
judicial or quasi-judicial tribunal gives a finding on law or fact, its
findings cannot be impeached collaterally or in a second round
and are binding until reversed in appeal or revision or by way of
writ proceedings. The characteristic attribute of a judicial act or
decision is that it binds, whether right or wrong. Thus, any error,
either of fact or law, committed by such bodies cannot be
controverted otherwise by way of an appeal or revision or a writ
unless the erroneous determination relates to the jurisdictional
matter of that body.
12. This position has been further reinforced in Abdul Kuddus vs.
Union of India and others which relies upon Ujjam Bai (supra). In
Abdul Kuddus (supra), this Court held that the opinion by the
Foreigners Tribunal is a quasi-judicial order. Therefore, it would
be incorrect to hold that the opinion of the Tribunal and/or the
consequential order passed by the Registering Authority would
not operate as res judicata. Further, it was established that any
quasi- judicial Authority would not ordinarily have the power to
unilaterally take a contrary view taken by a coordinate or
predecessor authority at an early point in time.
13. From the foregoing discussion, it is evident that once a
Competent Authority (quasi-judicial in nature) settles an issue,
that determination attains finality unless it is set aside in
accordance with law.
13. In view of the foregoing analysis of law on the subject, it is clear that the
principles of res judicata are applicable to quasi judicial authorities as well.
Thus, it was open to respondent Nos. 1 and 2 to entertain challenge of
respondent No. 4 to the mutation under section 4 of the Act, once challenge
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WP(C) No. 2660/2023
to mutation under section 8 of the Act had been repelled upto the High
Court level in the first round of litigation.
14. Even on merits respondent No. 4 does not have a case in his favour.
Admittedly father of the petitioner, Pakhu, who happened to be the
grandfather of respondent No. 4, was shown as tenant of the land in
question in kharief 1971. Vide Mutation No. 266 dated 08.04.1974, the
Consolidation Tehsildar made an entry in the girdawari of kharief 1971 in
favour of the petitioner as well. Thus, both the petitioner as well as his
father were shown as tenants of the land in question in kharief 1971. The
contention of learned counsel for respondent No. 4 that in view of section
42 of the Agrarian Reforms Act, the Tehsildar Consolidation could not
have attested Mutation No. 266 dated 01.09.1974 because provisions of
J&K Consolidation of Holdings Act had become inapplicable, is also
without any merit. This is so because the Agrarian Reforms Act 1976 came
into force with effect from 01.06.1978 and as per section 42 of the said Act,
J&K Consolidation of Holdings Act became inapplicable with effect from
commencement of the Agrarian Reforms Act. Thus, prior to the
inapplicability of Consolidation of Holdings Act, the mutation regarding
Sehat Indraj in favour of the petitioner was attested on 01.04.1974, which is
well before the commencement of J&K Agrarian Reforms Act 1976.
Therefore, it cannot be stated that the order of mutation attested by
Tehsildar Consolidation in favour of the petitioner is non est as has been
claimed by the learned counsel for respondent No. 4.
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15. Even if, it is assumed that order of Mutation No. 266 dated 01.04.1974 is
non est in the eyes of law still then in view of the provisions contained in
Section 28 of the Agrarian Reforms Act read with Section 67 of the J&K
Tenancy Act, after the death of Pakhu in 1976, it is the petitioner, who has
stepped into his shoes being his male lineal descendent of first degree and
consequently became tenant in place of his father. Thus, Mutation under
Section 4 of the Agrarian Reforms Act has been rightly attested in his
favour on 30.11.1981 by which time Pakhu had already passed away.
During the lifetime of the petitioner, who happens to be the father of
respondent No. 4, the said respondent has no right to step into the shoes of
his grandfather. All these aspects of the matter have not been taken into
account either by the learned Commissioner or by the learned Tribunal
while passing the impugned orders, as such, the same are not sustainable in
law.
16. In view of foregoing discussion, the writ petition is allowed. Impugned
orders passed by the Commissioner on 04.09.2017 and by the learned
Tribunal on 15.06.2023 (respondent Nos. 1 and 2 herein), are set aside.
(SANJAY DHAR)
JUDGE
Jammu:
07.04.2025
Rakesh PSWhether the order is speaking: Yes/No
Whether the order is reportable: Yes/NoRakesh Kumar
2025.04.07 17:41
I attest to the accuracy and
integrity of this document
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