Kheemaram vs State Of Rajasthan on 21 May, 2025

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Rajasthan High Court – Jodhpur

Kheemaram vs State Of Rajasthan on 21 May, 2025

Author: Farjand Ali

Bench: Farjand Ali

[2025:RJ-JD:23517]

      HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE FOR RAJASTHAN AT
                           JODHPUR
            S.B. Criminal Writ Petition No. 580/2025

Ajaypal Singh S/o Shri Hanwant Singh, Aged About 48 Years, R/
o Village Bedana, Police Station, Ahore, District Jalore.
                                                                    ----Petitioner
                                    Versus
1.       State Of Rajasthan, Through Its Secretary, Department Of
         Home, Secretariat, Jaipur.
2.       The Collector And District Magistrate, Jalore.
3.       The Superintendent Of Police, Jalore.
                                                                 ----Respondents
                              Connected With
                S.B. Criminal Misc(Pet.) No. 8667/2022
1.       Raghubir Singh S/o Prithvi Singh, Aged About 65 Years,
         R/o Bisalpur Tehsil Bali Dist. Pali
2.       Dhan Singh S/o Khiv Singh, Aged About 60 Years, R/o
         Jhakoda Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
3.       Prema Ram Dewasi S/o Neti Ram, Aged About 60 Years,
         R/o Netra Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
4.       Vishvanath Ojha S/o Mohan Lal Ojha, Aged About 49
         Years, R/o Dujana Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
5.       Ratan Choudhary S/o Chena Ram, Aged About 43 Years,
         R/o Leel Ki Farm Sumerpur Pali
6.       Narpat Maderna S/o Bhanwar Singh, Aged About 54
         Years, R/o Leel Ki Farm Sumerpur Pali
7.       Laxman Singh S/o Devi Singh, Aged About 48 Years, R/o
         Bangri Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
8.       Indra Singh S/o Bhopal Singh, Aged About 33 Years,
         Gudiya Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
9.       Bajrang Singh S/o Sher Singh, Aged About 70 Years,
         Takhatgarh Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
10.      Shaitan Singh S/o Sardar Singh, Aged About 64 Years,
         Gogra Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
11.      Tej Singh Balot S/o Chhatar Singh, Aged About 62 Years,
         R/o Rasiyawas Ahore Dist. Jalore
12.      Ishwar Singh S/o Ranjeet Singh, Aged About 65 Years, R/
         o Thumba Ahore Dist. Jalore
13.      Ajaypal Singh S/o Hanwant Singh, Aged About 47 Years,
         R/o Baidana Ahore Jalore
                                                                   ----Petitioners
                                    Versus
1.       State Of Rajasthan, Through Pp
2.       Sarjil Malik, S.i. S.h.o. Ps Sanderao Dist. Pali



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                                                                 ----Respondents
                S.B. Criminal Misc(Pet.) No. 8670/2022
1.       Danaram Choudhary S/o Savaram, Aged About 62 Years,
         R/o Koselao Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
2.       Balaram Choudhary S/o Lumbaram, Aged About 55 Years,
         R/o Koselao Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
3.       Thanaram Choudhary S/o Sheraram, Aged About 60
         Years, R/o Koselao Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
4.       Tulchharam Choudhary S/o Motiram, Aged About 58
         Years, R/o Koselao Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
5.       Narpat Singh S/o Bhanwar Singh, Aged About 54 Years,
         R/o Koselao Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
6.       Chandra Ram Dewasi S/o Motiram, Aged About 35 Years,
         R/o Rajpura Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
7.       Devaram Dewasi S/o Manaram, Aged About 30 Years, R/o
         Rajpura Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
8.       Babra Ram Dewasi S/o Saruparam, Aged About 63 Years,
         R/o Rajpura Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
9.       Dudaram Dewasi S/o Bagaram, Aged About 45 Years, R/o
         Rajpura Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
10.      Daulat Singh S/o Amar Singh, Aged About 62 Years, R/o
         Dujana Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
11.      Mohan Lal Kumhar S/o Genaram, Aged About 48 Years,
         R/o Dujana Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
12.      Bhuraram Kumhar S/o Achaji, Aged About 50 Years, R/o
         Dujana Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
13.      Mool Shankar S/o Lasiram, Aged About 62 Years, R/o
         Dujana Tehsil Sumerpur Dist. Pali
                                                                   ----Petitioners
                                    Versus
1.       State Of Rajasthan, Through Pp
2.       Sarjil Malik, S.i. Sho Ps Sanderao Dist. Pali
                                                                 ----Respondents
                S.B. Criminal Misc(Pet.) No. 8844/2022
1.       Kheemaram S/o Dhanaji, Aged About 70 Years, R/o
         Dujana, Teh. Sumerpur, Dist. Pali.
2.       Dayaram S/o Amraram Meena, Aged About 55 Years,
         Dujana, Teh. Sumerpur, Dist. Pali.
3.       Anil Puri S/o Malampuri Goswami, Aged About 36 Years,
         Pawa, Teh. Sumerpur, Dist. Pali.
4.       Bhanwar Lal S/o Mangi Lal Ghanchi, Aged About 53 Years,
         Pawa, Teh. Sumerpur, Dist. Pali.
5.       Hukam Singh S/o Madan Singh Rajput, Aged About 42




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         Years, Gudiya Indrapura, Teh. Sumerpur Dist. Pali.
6.       Jabar Singh S/o Narayan Singh Rajput, Aged About 61
         Years, Padradi, Dist. Jalore.
7.       Pokar Lal S/o Punaji Mali, Aged About 56 Years, Koselao,
         Teh. Sumerpur, Dist. Pali.
8.       Bholaram S/o Harji, Aged About 51 Years, Koselao, Teh.
         Sumerpur, Dist. Pali.
9.       Hanuman S/o Punaji, Aged About 78 Years, Koselao, Teh.
         Sumerpur, Dist. Pali.
10.      Jagat Singh S/o Ugam Singh Rajput, Aged About 68
         Years, Sanderao, Teh. Sumerpur, Dist. Pali.
11.      Praveen Singh S/o Hanwant Singh Rajput, Aged About 55
         Years, Sanderao, Teh. Sumerpur, Dist. Pali.
12.      Ramesh Singh S/o Prabhuji Rajpurohit, Aged About 52
         Years, Sanderao, Teh. Sumerpur, Dist. Pali.
13.      Narayan Lal S/o Vardaji Ghanchi, Aged About 40 Years,
         Sanderao, Teh. Sumerpur, Dist. Pali.
14.      Fateh Khan Moyala S/o Sultan Khanji Moyala, Aged About
         58 Years, Takhatgarh, Dist. Pali.
15.      Inder Singh S/o Kalyan Singh, Aged About 30 Years,
         Jakhora, Teh. Sumerpur, Dist. Pali.
16.      Karan Singh S/o Anoop Singh, Aged About 50 Years,
         Ramnagar, Teh. Sumerpur, Dist Pali.
17.      Jayendra Singh S/o Brig. Hari Singh, Aged About 65
         Years, Galthani, Teh. Sumerpur, Dist. Pali.
18.      Shivraj Singh S/o Pratap Singh, Aged About 42 Years,
         Bitiya, Teh. Sumerpur, Dist. Pali.
19.      Shyam Singh Deora S/o Chandan Singh Rajput, Aged
         About 78 Years, Galthani, Teh. Sumerpur, Dist. Pali.
                                                                   ----Petitioners
                                    Versus
1.       State Of Rajasthan, Through Pp
2.       Sarjil Malik, S.i., Sho, P.s. Sanderao, Dist. Pali.
                                                                 ----Respondents



For Petitioner(s)         :     Mr. Nishant Bora
                                Mr. Yuvraj Singh
For Respondent(s)         :     Mr. N.S.Chandawat, Dy.G.A.




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                HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE FARJAND ALI

                                     Order

REPORTABLE
ORDER RESERVED ON                       :::                      26/03/2025
ORDER PRONOUNCED ON                     :::                      21/05/2025
BY THE COURT:-

1. The Writ Petition No.580/2025 along with four batch of Misc.

Petitions, are intrinsically relatable to the lodging of F.I.R.

No.127/2022, Police Station Sanderav, District Pali, therefore,

arguments were heard together with the consent of the parties

and are being decided by this common order.

2. The impugned F.I.R. was lodged against around 53 accused

persons, including the petitioners, at the instance of the SHO of

Police Station Sanderav, alleging, inter alia, that a meeting for the

distribution of water from Jawai Bandh was to be conducted on

02-01-2022 at the headquarter by the Divisional Commissioner,

Jodhpur. Traditionally, this meeting has always taken place at the

Dam Inspection Bhawan, Sumerpur, owing to the rationale that it

pertains to the distribution of water from Jawai Bandh, therefore,

the test and related assessments are to be conducted in the Dam

Inspection Bhawan where it is convenient for the farmers to

attend the same. There appears a serious disappointment and

wrath among the farmers of Jawai Bandh area and Sumerpur and

perhaps they did their level best to convince the senior officers to

hold the meeting as per the tradition, in view of the past practice

and in the interest of the farmers, so that their voice could be

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heard. However, the meeting was suddenly scheduled at a

different venue, possibly depriving the farmers of a fair

opportunity to present their grievances. As a result, several

farmers left their agricultural fields and offices to make a

democratic protest near the highway area at Sumerpur.

2.1. On 09-10-2022, a large number of farmers began a peaceful

protest. Subsequently, a meeting was held at Pali on 10-10-2022,

which was boycotted by the representatives of the farmers. The

authorities and administrative officers then decided to proceed

with the distribution of water without obtaining any feedback from

the farmers, who would be directly impacted by such decisions

and, therefore, in order to protest the decision of the authorities

again, the meeting convened on 14-10-2022 was also boycotted

by the farmers. Discontented and disappointed, the farmers

assembled at NH-62 to raise their voices against the unreasonable

and inappropriate actions of the authorities.

2.2. Approximately 700-800 farmers gathered near NH-62 and

engaged in a peaceful protest against the administrative decisions.

Even from the FIR, it is evident that no violent incident took place.

There is no mention of damage, disorder, or chaos at the protest

site and there is no pandemonium or ruckus at the site. Neither

any individual was injured, and nor public property was damaged.

It appears that, on the instructions of administrative officers, the

police team attempted to disperse/scatter the protesters, however,

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no abnormal situation, commotion, or loss of property was

reported in the police record.

2.3. There is only a vague assertion of slogans being raised and

public inconvenience allegedly caused by the accused persons

named in the FIR. There are allegations of road blockage and

instances of jostling but as a matter of fact, no specific incident is

mentioned in the factual report dated 21-03-2025 submitted by

the SHO post conducting investigation.

2.4. The legal question arises: whether the act of the accused, in

protesting a perceived unreasonable action against the interest of

the public and staging a democratic protest, would constitute an

offence under Sections 143, 117, 283, 353 of the Indian Penal

Code,1860 (hereinafter to be referred as “IPC“) and whether silent

democratic protest or accumulation of several people on the

Highway would attract Section 8B of the National Highways Act,

1956 (hereinafter to be referred as “NH Act“) is a moot question

before this Court.

3. This Court has heard the learned counsel for the parties and

perused the FIR, the factual report, and the other materials placed

on record.

4. To start with, it is crucial to discuss the provisions of IPC

and NH Act for which they have been charged for. For ready

reference Sections 143, 117, 283, 353 of IPC and Section 8B of

NH Act are reproduced herein below:-

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“117. Abetting commission of offence by the public or by
more than ten persons.–Whoever abets the commission of an
offence by the public generally or by any number or class of
persons exceeding ten, shall be punished with imprisonment of
either description for a term which may extend to three years, or
with fine, or with both.

Illustration

A affixes in a public place a placard instigating a sect consisting of
more than ten members to meet at a certain time and place, for
the purpose of attacking the members of an adverse sect, while
engaged in a procession. A has committed the offence defined in
this section.

141. Unlawful assembly.–An assembly of five or more persons
is designated an “unlawful assembly”, if the common object of the
persons composing that assembly is–

First.–To overawe by criminal force, or show of criminal force,
[the Central or any State Government or Parliament or the
Legislature of any State], or any public servant in the exercise of
the lawful power of such public servant; or

Second.–To resist the execution of any law, or of any legal
process; or

Third.–To commit any mischief or criminal trespass, or other
offence; or

Fourth.–By means of criminal force, or show of criminal force, to
any person, to take or obtain possession of any property, or to
deprive any person of the enjoyment of a right of way, or of the
use of water or other incorporeal right of which he is in
possession or enjoyment, or to enforce any right or supposed
right; or

Fifth.–By means of criminal force, or show of criminal force, to
compel any person to do what he is not legally bound to do, or to
omit to do what he is legally entitled to do.

Explanation.–An assembly which was not unlawful when it
assembled, may subsequently become an unlawful assembly.

143. Punishment.–Whoever is a member of an unlawful
assembly, shall be punished with imprisonment of either
description for a term which may extend to six months, or with
fine, or with both.

283. Danger or obstruction in public way or line of
navigation.–Whoever, by doing any act, or by omitting to take
order with any property in his possession or under his charge,
causes danger, obstruction or injury to any person in any public
way or public line of navigation, shall be punished, with fine
which may extend to two hundred rupees.

353. Assault or criminal force to deter public servant from
discharge of his duty.–Whoever assaults or uses criminal force
to any person being a public servant in the execution of his duty
as such public servant, or with intent to prevent or deter that

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person from discharging his duty as such public servant, or in
consequence of anything done or attempted to be done by such
person to the lawful discharge of his duty as such public servant,
shall be punished with imprisonment of either description fora
term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.

8B. Punishment for mischief by injury to national highway.

–Whoever commits mischief by doing any act which renders or
which he knows to be likely to render any national highway
referred to in sub-section (1) of section 8A impassable or less
safe for traveling or conveying property, shall be punished with
imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend
to five years, or with a fine, or with both.”

5. At first, Section 117 of the IPC regarding abetment of the

commission of an offence by conduct does not seem to apply. The

word “abets” itself means to encourage someone to commit a

wrongdoing or a criminal act, and abetment refers to actions that

take place prior to the commission of the offence. In this case, it is

not mentioned anywhere that people were called by any of the

accused for the purpose of committing any wrongdoing rather

they assembled to voice their rights, as the decision made by the

authorities would directly impact their livelihood. To attract the

provision of abetment, there must be a plain assertion that, prior

to the commission of the offence, an endeavour was made by the

instigator to incite others to commit the wrongful act. The very

nature of abetment vests in an act preceding the offence, such

that the outcome follows the instigation. Here in this case, the

farmers were already perturbed and irked by the situation and felt

that the authorities had swindled them, therefore, they gathered

on the highway on their own accord, and nobody called them

there and the fact above clears that the offence of abetment never

took place and the people of the vicinity assembled on the

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highway to raise their voice against the actions taken by the

authorities.

6. Now, moving on to the offence of unlawful assembly, there

are allegations that all of them formed an unlawful assembly. To

form that, there must be an assembly of five or more persons

having a common object and also used criminal force, resisted the

execution of any law or committed any mischief or criminal

trespass. However, not all assemblies meet this criterion. This

Court is of the view that not every assembly can be deemed an

unlawful assembly and in a democratic country like India, the right

to free speech and expression is a fundamental right enshrined in

the Constitution, allowing individuals to express their opinions on

any matter through any medium. Article 19(1)(b) of the

Constitution guarantees the right to assemble peacefully without

arms, provided such gatherings do not involve violence, threats,

or actions that disrupt public order. For instance, a legislative

assembly is also a form of gathering, but it is not unlawful merely

because people have come together for a common cause. In the

present case, although the accused persons may have assembled

at the spot and protested for their rights but this fact alone does

not automatically establish the fact of having a common unlawful

object. If a person takes to the streets for the sake of their life or

happiness, which is integrally linked to their livelihood, it cannot

be construed as a piece of evidence of a common object. Each

individual faces their own hardship, for instance, if the water

supply is cut off, crops of the farmer may fail, and they may have

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nothing to eat. People who are wholly and mainly dependent on

agricultural produce may naturally become distressed at the

sudden realization that they would not receive water. However, the

mere expression of anguish in such circumstances cannot be taken

to mean that they share a common objective or have formed an

unlawful assembly. Moreover, there is no evidence of violence or

threats that could have disturbed public peace and order. As it is

manifesting from the provision itself that forming assembly alone

is not an offence rather it must have a common object

enumerated in first to fifth clause and the explanation mentioned

as a rider to the provision.

7. Advancing to the question of invocation of Section 283 of

IPC, the offence of causing danger or obstruction in a public way

or line of navigation does not seem to apply, the accused in FIR

were protesting for their rights and were also conducting a silent

protest, which did not cause any danger to the public. Regarding

obstruction, it is obvious that if people gather somewhere to

assert their rights, the way will be blocked automatically. However,

this does not mean they caused harm to anyone. Moreover,

nothing in the record shows that they used any kind of assault or

force against the public servants on duty. The police only came to

disperse the crowd, which negates the offence under Section 353

of the IPC.

8. Coming to the question of attraction of Section 8B of the NH

Act, which pertains to mischief or damage to a national highway

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and at the threshold, I am of the view that the same is also not

attracted in the present case, as there is no allegation or

indication of any mishap or damage caused to the highway. In a

silent protest, it cannot be presumed that any person has caused

harm to public property or to any individual. It is well understood

that water is a basic necessity, and for farmers, it is a matter of

survival and livelihood. Their wrath and resentment, therefore, is

natural. If they come forward to request that the authorities

should hold discussions in a setting where they feel comfortable

particularly when the outcome directly affects their lives and if

they express their dissent against a decision taken by the

authorities in a democratic manner, there is nothing unlawful in

that. Furthermore, if a group stands in a public place, some

degree of obstruction is inevitable, but that alone does not

constitute an offence, especially in the absence of violence or

damage. Therefore, the ingredients of Section 8B are not fulfilled.

9. This Court is of the view that this is a democratic country

that exists for its people. Preventing citizens from holding a

peaceful protest through force or coercion cannot be justified.

Every individual has the constitutional right to raise his voice

against the actions of a public officer, especially if those actions

directly impact their rights or livelihood. If simply opposing an

officer’s decision results in the registration of a criminal case, it

would reflect a mindset reminiscent of British colonial rule but

surely not the spirit of a free, democratic nation governed by the

rule of law.

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10. This Court feels that the courts are meant to impart justice

and for that purpose alone it is established. From the very day of

its establishment, it acquires and possesses all the powers needed

to impart justice and as such for the purpose of dispensation of

justice, it can exercise the inherent powers vested in it. The

express provision under Section 482 CrPC only recognizes and

preserves the powers which are inherent and imbibed in the courts

for the purpose of achieving the ends of justice as well as for the

purpose of preventing or thwarting the abuse of process of law.

Whether the High Court in its inherent power which is expressly

recognized under Section 482 CrPC can quash a criminal complaint

or an FIR has very elaborately and wisely been enunciated by

Hon’ble the Supreme Court in the case of State of Haryana and

Ors. Vs. Ch. Bhajan Lal and Ors., reported in AIR 1992 SC

604, Hon’ble the Supreme Court has expounded elaborately the

canvass of the issue relating to quashing of the FIR. For the ready

reference, the relevant part of the judgment is reproduced herein

below: –

“105…In the backdrop of the interpretation of the various
relevant provisions of the Code under Chapter XIV and of the
principles of law enunciated by this Court in a series of
decisions relating to the exercise of the extra-ordinary power
under Article 226 or the inherent powers Under Section 482 of
the Code which we have extracted and reproduced above, we
give the following categories of cases by way of illustration
wherein such power could be exercised either to prevent abuse
of the process of any Court or otherwise to secure the ends of
justice, though it may not be possible to lay down any precise,
clearly defined and sufficiently channelized and inflexible
guidelines or rigid formulae and to give an exhaustive list of
myriad kinds of cases wherein such power should be exercised.

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i. Where the allegations made in the First Information
Report or the complaint, even if they are taken at their face
value and accepted in their entirety do not prima-facie
constitute any offence or make out a case against the accused.
ii. Where the allegations in the First Information Report
and other materials, if any, accompanying the F.I.R. do not
disclose a cognizable offence, justifying an investigation by
police officers Under Section 156(1) of the Code except under
an order of a Magistrate within the purview of Section 155(2)
of the Code.

iii. Where the uncontroverted allegations made in the FIR
or complaint and the evidence collected in support of the same
do not disclose the commission of any offence and make out a
case against the accused.

iv. Where, the allegations in the F.I.R. do not constitute a
cognizable offence but constitute only a non-cognizable
offence, no investigation is permitted by a police officer without
an order of a Magistrate as contemplated Under Section 155(2)
of the Code.

v. Where the allegations made in the FIR or complaint are
so absurd and inherently improbable on the basis of which no
prudent person can ever reach a just conclusion that there is
sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused.
vi. Where there is an express legal bar engrafted in any of
the provisions of the Code or the concerned Act (under which a
criminal proceeding is instituted) to the institution and
continuance of the proceedings and/or where there is a specific
provision in the Code or the concerned Act, providing
efficacious redress for the grievance of the aggrieved party.
vii. Where a criminal proceeding is manifestly attended with
mala fide and/or where the proceeding is maliciously instituted
with an ulterior motive for wreaking vengeance on the accused
and with a view to spite him due to private and personal
grudge.”

The lodging of an FIR against multiple individuals, as

discussed above, would not serve the interest of justice,

particularly in light of the parameters laid down in the case

referred supra. This Court is of the view that the litmus test set

forth in the aforementioned judgment is applicable in the present

case.

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11. In view of the discussion made herein above, this Court

observes that the alleged protest stemmed from genuine

resentment and was an expression of democratic dissent. In a

democracy, of the people, by the people, and for the people,

peaceful protest is a constitutional right. Simply because an

individual took to the streets to protest in order to safeguard their

rights when their interests were affected does not imply that they

have committed offences under Sections 117, 143, 283, and 353

of the IPC, or Section 8B of the NH Act.

12. The accused persons who have appeared before this Court

are well-represented, well-informed, and vigilant. However, it

must be emphasized that justice is not meant solely for those who

are able to access it due to their resources or awareness. It is

equally available to those who, due to financial, social, or

informational constraints, could not appear before this Court. This

order shall be applicable to all such individuals as well. Since the

entire FIR stands quashed, no individual shall be prosecuted in

connection with this case.

13. The SHO concerned is directed to submit the negative final

report before the trial Court at the earliest.

14. Accordingly, instant Writ Petition and Misc. Petitions are

allowed and it is ordered that the all consequent proceedings

pertaining to FIR No.127/2022 registered at Police Station

Sanderav, District Pali are hereby quashed and set aside.

15. The stay petitions stand disposed of.

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S.B. Criminal Writ Petition No. 580/2025

16. It has been brought to the notice of the Court that the

petitioner Ajaypal Singh, is a gun license holder. The order passed

against him appears to have been issued without any application

of mind. Such an order cannot be sustained and is, therefore, set

aside.

17. Furthermore, since the FIR has been quashed and no case is

made out against the petitioner-Ajaypal Singh, there remains no

legal impediment. If no other case is instituted against him, he

may be permitted to continue to retain and renew his gun license

in accordance with law. The suspension is revoked hereby because

it was made solely on the basis of lodging of the FIR referred

supra which has been quashed now.

(FARJAND ALI),J
112-Mamta/-

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